EU needs to trim down its wishlist to effectively engage China

By: Azhar Azam

Brussels’ readout of the 25th China-EU Summit was replete with charges. It’s a significantly harsh tone compared to what European Commission (EC) President Ursula von der Leyen struck in April, urging both sides to support a “strong reformed trading system,” representing a carefully calibrated signal of cooperation.

True, the EU runs a massive trade deficit in goods of €305 billion with China. While this gives a colossal leverage to the bloc and strengthens its bargaining position in bilateral talks, Brussels’ extensive wishlist muddles its ambitions to overcome the stumbling blocks, posing challenges to a “mutually beneficial” relationship.

Indeed, trade with China has benefited European consumers, providing them greater access to cheap products and supporting 3 million jobs. Mutual investments have augmented European companies’ profits; the country’s capital inflows in electrical vehicle and battery manufacturing and the China-EU energy cooperation could enhance EU’s production capacity and ensure its energy security, bringing economic prosperity and accelerating green development.

After all, it was China whose imports and capital influx assisted to prop up Europe’s creaking economies during the European sovereign debt crisis. Although it was seen as strategic move to help Beijing itself, China’s support at a critical time bolstered European ability to navigate one of the nastiest economic challenges.

The EU has been accusing China of flooding the global markets with subsidized overcapacity; Beijing’s competitive advantages including affordable labor costs, efficient supply chains and large economies of scale – producing more goods at significantly lower prices – are some of the major drivers behind its export boom.

China has leveraged its low-cost production and immense innovation capabilities in advanced industries to make an increasing number of Chinese companies formidable global competitors. By frequently staying ahead in innovation, Beijing continues to lead or is on par with global leaders in commercial nuclear power, electric vehicles and batteries and make progress in key sectors like robotics, biopharmaceuticals and artificial intelligence.

The East Asian economy is a global manufacturing leader and a lynchpin of the global supply chain owing to its decades-old strategic policies that were envisioned to transform the country into a manufacturing powerhouse through industrialization, skilled labor force, robust infrastructure and integrated supply chains. As a result, China’s share in world gross production in 2023 was estimated to be three times of the US, six times of Japan and nine times of Germany.

Over the last decade, China has revolutionized its manufacturing industry, from one focusing on output to that centering quality and innovation. Service industry, green development and domestic consumption presently are the core components of the country’s economic growth with value-added manufacturing continuing to rise.

Beijing’s share in global value-added manufacturing has risen from less than 9% in 2004 to nearly 28% in 2024 and it is forecasted to account for 45% of the world's industrial production by 2030 compared to the US’ 11%. Industrialization has played a vital role in China’s “remarkable” achievement of lifting 800 million out of poverty and contributing to nearly 75% reduction in extreme poverty globally, the top UN sustainable development goal.

One of the EU's major concerns is China’s export controls on rare earth elements (REEs). While these raw materials are critical in producing a gamut of gadgets like smartphones, laptops and electric vehicles, they can be used to develop missiles, fighter jets and drones. Beijing may argue that its curbs are in line with EU's own practices to prevent the misuse of these dual-use items and contribute to global peace and non-proliferation efforts.

Brussels, per the Eurostat, in 2024 imported 12,900 tons of REEs – 46.3% from China, 28.4% from Russia and 19.9% from Malaysia, exporting 5,500 tons to other countries. The data contests the EC claim the EU relies on China for 98% of its REEs supply and weakens its position against Beijing vis-à-vis latter’s trade with Moscow.

The EU or to put it straightly von der Leyen’s China approach is markedly different from the European leaders who when visited Beijing sought to build a “powerful partnership,” struck trade deals and pursued to deepen cooperation to tackle climate change, hasten green transition and uphold free trade and multilateral trading system.

More recently, Brussels has been looking to chart its own independent path to assert itself as a leading geopolitical and economic player. By trimming its demand list to trade and investment, the EU could extract more concessions from China, allowing itself to expand exports and strengthen its commercial footprint in the large Chinese market.

A more balanced approach, containing a concise rather than exhaustive list of demands, will further help to build a collective response to US President Donald Trump’s economic bullying and threats emanating from his actions to the multilateral trading system and rules-based international order. The EU needs to close these loopholes in its foreign policy to engage China on better footing.

*My article (unedited) that first appeared in the Express Tribune

Trump's belligerence drives a major shift in Indo-Pacific

By Azhar Azam

Donald Trump's implacable belligerence has tutored traditional US allies to quickly adjust to new geopolitical realities or truckle to his ceaseless demands. An increased sense of urgency across Europe and the Indo-Pacific implies that they have decided to take up the gauntlet of diversifying their partnerships.

In a rare show of displeasure at US president's stubborn arrogance, Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese during his China visit sought to stabilize relations and manage differences to “contribute” to regional peace and prosperity, holding a “constructive” meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping to underscore Beijing's importance for "our economy, our security and the stability of our region."

Beijing is Canberra’s largest trading partner with almost a third of Australia’s exports destined for China and bilateral trade hitting A$312 billion in 2024. The two economies are highly complementary, meaning China has a huge demand for Australian goods and services. This symbiotic bond, unlike the Australia-US parasitistic trade ties, provides a sound footing to tap the opportunity and strengthen the extensive relationship.

China’s investments contribute to infrastructure development, productivity and job creation in Australia; the East Asian nation’s development, opening-up and rising middle class unleash new vistas for Australian exporters. As members of Asia-Pacific Economic Forum and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, both countries also have shared interests in safeguarding regional stability and prosperity.

In the face of a rising protectionism and unprecedented volatility in global trade due to Trump’s unilateral tariffs, a stable and strengthened Australia-China relationship would ensure the Australian economy to withstand and navigate strenuous trials and continues to make a positive impact on domestic workers, employers and industries.

The strengthening of Beijing-Canberra ties has ushered in a wave of optimism among Australian businesses with 75% of foreign firms in a poll by the Australia-China Chamber of Commerce reporting profitability in 2024. Their enthusiasm – as 70% rate China as one of their top three destinations for investment over the next three years – reinforces Beijing's appeal as a hub of innovation and industrial transformation.

Canberra’s intent to "do more business with China" was reflected in its Trade Minister Don Farrell’s interview in which he refused to budge to US pressure, emphasizing that Chinese trade was nearly 10 times more valuable to Canberra. "We'll make decisions…to engage with China based on our national interests and not on what the Americans may or may not want."

Nonetheless, disparity between Albanese's and the country's defense department's approaches risks derailing Australia's newfound charm offensive against China. For instance, Canberra has been accusing Beijing of spearheading the largest and most ambitious military buildup since the second world war. Its Defense Minister Richard Marles recently echoed such an assertion.

Yet this assessment has long been contested by none other than Australia’s own analysts and former diplomats who believe the Chinese strategy is essentially inward looking, focusing internal stability and external security. Even leading Western investigations reveal the US by far outspends China in defense spending and that Beijing’s military development and record of use of force are relatively restrained.

Conversely, Trump's return is spurring new challenges for the Albanese government. After the Biden administration wanted to get Canberra “off the fence” by locking it for the next 40 years through the AUKUS, Trump's AUKUS-skeptic undersecretary of defense Elbridge Colby is leveraging the trilateral partnership to hard-press Australia into making pre-commitments if a US-China war breaks out on Taiwan.

The Trump administration is also pressurizing Australia to increase defense spending to 3.5% of the GDP. Canberra has hitherto resisted the US pressure for it would cost Australia tens of billions of dollars. For an economy that will remain in a structural deficit through 2034-35, a defense splurge would indeed imperil Albanese' social policy agenda.

Trade with China has helped Australia to put the cost of living on a downward trajectory. Studies show that this trade relationship has increased disposable income of Australian households by an average of A$2,600, supporting around 600,000 jobs. While US maintains 10% baseline tariff on Australian goods, 25% on automobiles and 50% on steel and aluminum – Beijing thanks to the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement applies an average of just 1.1%, urging Canberra to rethink before jumping on Washington's bandwagon vis-à-vis Beijing.

No wonder, China is seen as a more reliable trade partner than the US by Australians with a sizable majority of them (71%) agreeing the country’s relationship with Beijing is important. This comes as Trump has upended the long-held assumption that America could be a dependable ally, stoking a belief in many Aussies whether it could even act responsibly.

Establishing diplomatic relations, Beijing and Canberra in 1972 agreed to develop the relationship on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence.

These fundamental tenets laid the foundation of a robust Beijing-Canberra relationship as people across the two countries lived together peacefully through decades. Should Australia chuck out its schizophrenic ambivalence, both nations can still pioneer the way for a resilient strategic partnership and a secure and thriving Indo-Pacific.

*My article that first appeared in the "Express Tribune"

All eyes on BRICS Summit for solutions

By: Azhar Azam

As the international multilateral system continues to erode and the 90-day pause on additional global tariffs by the Trump administration nears its end on July 9, global trade, security and governance face uncertainty and new challenges. Therefore, all eyes are on the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro to see what kind of strategy the champion of the Global South and a stabilizing force in an increasingly volatile world comes up with to tone down differences and ensure a fair and balanced international order.

The BRICS Summit is expected to strategize how to break trade barriers and strengthen supply chain resilience, foster economic integration and push intra-BRICS trade.

The BRICS vision of reforming international institutions, preventing conflicts, promoting peace and addressing poverty and inequality is now being echoed by the Western intelligentsia as well. The organization's advocacy of a multilateral order that upholds state sovereignty, rejects protectionism and proposes trade in national currencies as the U.S. policy continues to shift has strengthened with its expansion.

The expanded BRICS now boasts 11 full member states who together account for almost 48.5 percent of global population, 39 percent of world GDP (in purchasing power parity) and 24 percent of international trade. It also has 10 additional countries as partners.

This vast demographic and economic prowess has given BRICS the potential to stabilize the global economy and make the international order just and equitable, a long-standing demand of the Global South.

Many countries in the Global South believe that current international order undermines their interests. The stockpiling of COVID-19 vaccines by some wealthy nations during the pandemic proved this, as well as the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. This has led to a stronger demand for fairness in the global order.

Nations view their accession to BRICS as a "strategic step" to expand cooperation with other developing nations and accelerate their infrastructure development and energy transition despite Donald Trump's threat to impose 100 percent tariff on BRICS nations.

Intra-BRICS trade has reportedly crossed $1 trillion while the GDP of the bloc in 2025 is projected to reach 3.4 percent, exceeding the global average of 2.8 percent. As of 2024, BRICS' New Development Bank had approved 120 projects to the tune of $39 billion in key areas such as transport infrastructure, clean energy, sanitation and social development.

With the latest expansion, BRICS countries account for about 42 percent of global food production, 33 percent of agricultural land, 39 percent of the planet's water resources and more than 40 percent of oil production worldwide. This has made the bloc an economic, technological and commodity powerhouse.

Mechanisms and initiatives such as the Contingent Reserve Arrangement to provide mutual financial support to BRICS members facing balance of payments difficulties, the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy for 2030, which prioritizes trade facilitation, boosting intra-BRICS trade, and aligning trade with environmental concerns, and the Partnership for the New Industrial Revolution to foster industrial development, innovation, and technological cooperation, are providing financial cushions, driving innovation and uplifting BRICS' competitiveness.

China's presence has given additional ballast to BRICS. In the first nine months of 2024, Beijing's trade with other BRICS countries rose 5.1 percent to $648 billion. It is the primary trading partner and major source of foreign investment for several BRICS nations. China's booming trade, large consumer market and the Belt and Road Initiative have been a driving force behind the alliance's integration.

Contrary to the claim by some countries that BRICS is diminishing the role of West-dominated institutions, its long-term priorities are to reform and improve these very multilateral bodies while strengthening economic, social and political cooperation among its member states to increase the influence of Global South in international governance and bring the marginalized into decision-making structures.

In an era of heightened security crises and increasingly complex geopolitical environment, its member states remain committed to non-interference and have unanimously called for respecting the international law and using channels of dialogue and diplomacy to avoid escalation and resolve disputes.

If BRICS nations shelve their sporadic differences and intensify economic and trade cooperation, it can withstand new economic and geopolitical challenges and trade uncertainties.

When geopolitical tensions are rising and the world economy is in a whirl, a multilateral trading system can bring peace and stability. The U.S. has failed to take cognizance of the looming danger to the American economy. But by pledging to increase trade, supporting economic growth and pursuing sustainable development goals, BRICS leaders at the upcoming summit can shield their economies from the rampant trade extremism and contribute to the construction of a fair and balanced international order.

*My article that first appeared in "CGTN"

G7 risks disappearing into oblivion

By: Azhar Azam

The Western efforts to display cohesion on global challenges collapsed after US President Donald Trump left the G7 summit in the middle and embarrassed other member states by accusing them of not offering a fair trade deal. The widening cracks imply that G7 has effectively regressed into G6 with the future of the alliance entering an uncharted territory.

G7 was originally established to cope with economic challenges but in the 1980s broadened its scope to foreign and security policy issues. In the coming years, this seismic shift aggravated conflicts and hampered peace and prosperity the world over, weighing upon credibility of an alliance whose approach was replete with risks and relevance marred by internal differences.

Beneath G7 downfall, there lies aggrandizement of threats and advancement of self-seeking interests. These narcissistic cravings drove the bloc to impose the US-led international order on the rest of the world, preventing greater involvement of major international players and shunning collaboration on pressing global challenges.

Yet once Trump returned with all his bully and bluster, its member states began to feel the pinch of venturing recklessly with Washington. As a result, they are seeking “independence” from America’s security guarantees, declaring US tariffs as “brutal and unfounded” and recalibrating ties with China to diversify their trade away from the US.

Trump’s view the European Union was formed to “screw” the US is the sequel of his first term when he launched a scathing criticism of the bloc, prodding then-German Chancellor Angela Merkel to rely less on Washington and “take our fate into our own hands.” While factors such as lack of follow-through and Trump's acrimony have the bloc’s unity to test, middle powers’ exclusion has contributed to a sharp decline in G7 international prominence.

The alliance’s waning economic heft is another rationale behind its declining significance. G7 share in global GDP on purchasing power parity, per International Monetary Fund, is set to contract from 51.8% in 1980 to 28.4% in 2025. With emerging and developing accounting for almost 61% of global economic output, the North can more stifle the rise of the Global South or strip it of its legitimate right of having a greater role in the global governance system.

In order to prevent it from fading into triviality, G7 posed itself as an inclusive organization by inviting leaders of emerging economies such as Brazil, India and South Africa that are part of the China-led BRICS, a multilateral alliance seeking to strengthen economic, political and social cooperation and increase influence of the South.

But G7 is unlikely to catch the South's attention because it for decades has denied accession to the emerging economies and remained narrowly focused on interests of a handful of advanced industrial economies. A literal exclusion of South suggests that the bloc pursues to leverage its economic relationship to achieve its own mercenary goals; its spending cuts, leaving developing countries exposed to poverty, hunger, conflicts and climate disasters, debunk its commitment with the South.

The BRICS is being accused of diminishing the role of West-dominated institutions; its long-term priorities have been to reform and strengthen these very multilateral bodies with the aim of enhancing representation of marginalized countries. The notion of a reimagined G7 to resolve the global governance crisis is doomed from the outset given it will just be an extension of an elite club, constraining the involvement of the South as a bystander. Even proponents of the concept have acknowledged the South would find a little appeal in it as they will still be excluded from the alliance.

The Western double standards are the biggest obstacle to G7 drive of tantalizing the South into its camp. For instance, the US and allies have been framing Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as a struggle for democracy, supporting its right to defend itself and its sovereignty under Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Yet when it came to Gaza and now Iran, the rich nations extended full-throated support to Israel, disregarding the latter’s violations of international law and the UN Charter. This powerful display of the Western hypocrisy – as Trump dismissed his own intelligence community’s assessment that Tehran wasn’t building nuclear weapons – would further alienate the North from the South.

The West’s violent strategy, inflated threat perception and hypocrisy on climate change – as well-heeled countries historically accounted for most of the carbon emissions but shifted the responsibility of the green transition on the South that contributed the least to triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution yet suffered the most – have triggered resentments in the South and would continue to blight the G7 ambition of carving out developing world from China’s influence into its orbit.

For decades, G7’s delusion of grandeur has precluded it from authorizing entry of developing economies to the forum, ensuring it remains an exclusive club of wealthy-only nations. This stubbornly arrogant posture accompanying a marked propensity to spark conflicts has faced a pushback from the South, dishing out a beatdown to the alliance’s significance. The bloc is at a crossroads, ergo: mend its hypocritical approach or risk disappearing into oblivion.

*My article that first appeared in the Express Tribune

Implications of NATO's ramped-up defense spending

By: Azhar Azam

After NATO defense ministers' meeting in Brussels earlier this month, the military alliance's Secretary General Mark Rutte said that allies had agreed on "new capability targets" forming the basis for a new defense investment plan. The proposal, expected to be endorsed at the NATO summit in The Hague on June 24 and 25, will call for allies to jack up defense spending to 5 percent of GDP, including 3.5 percent on core defense and 1.5 percent on defense and security-related investment such as infrastructure and resilience.

In 2014, NATO states committed to spending 2 percent of their economic output on defense. A decade later, the coalition is again looking to take advantage of the conflicts to ramp up its military expenditure, a move that could have serious economic and social implications for member states.

By the time NATO announced that 22 of its 32 members in 2024 had hit the threshold of 2 percent, U.S. President Donald Trump stunned allies by asking them to more than double the target, or he wouldn't protect them. Several NATO countries such as Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Italy, Luxemburg, Portugal and Spain as of 2024 were yet to meet the 2 percent target while those of Albania, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Romania, Slovak Republic, Sweden and Türkiye barely matched their commitment.

The new 5 percent target could allow Trump to declare a win at the coming summit, but it is economically and politically unviable for many NATO's European partners, which are facing a myriad of economic challenges and where defense spending isn't politically popular. Defense economists have also argued that even if Europe were to grow at quite an extraordinary rate of more than 10 percent in real terms in 2024, it would take 10 years to get to 3 percent of GDP.

Allies have agreed to boost their weapon inventories. Yet, given that many European countries either lack the economic wherewithal or are experiencing sluggish growth rates, it will be difficult for them to raise defense spending without squeezing their social safety net. The GDP in the euro area and European Union (EU) last year increased by 0.9 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively and is projected to stay at those levels in 2025, making the task of meeting the target more onerous.

The new commitment will take a heavy toll on NATO economies. For instance, one percent of Germany's GDP represents 45 billion euros (more than $52 billion). That means Berlin (with 2.12 percent) in 2024 spent more than 95 billion euros on defense and will have to earmark an additional 62 billion euros annually on core defense alone. The new goal of 3.5 percent will cost the Dutch government 16-19 billion euros a year on top of the existing defense budget.

Likewise, an extra 1 percent amounts to 30 billion pounds (about $40.7 billion) for Britain. The UK welfare cuts of 4.8 billion pounds and enhanced defense spending of 2.2 billion pounds have sparked concerns among Britons, lawmakers and poverty campaigners. The demand to ratchet up defense spending – at a time when the country's independent fiscal watchdog, the Office for Budget Responsibility, has halved its economic prediction for 2025 and raised forecasts for public borrowing and inflation – could exacerbate domestic challenges for the government.

What's more, several NATO countries in Europe have high GDP-to-debt ratios. The debt of Greece, Italy, France, Belgium and Spain exceeds their economic output, which would require them to borrow more to meet the target. This will compound their economic challenges and could be risky politically over its potential to trigger spending cuts on education, health and other welfare programs especially in Croatia, Hungary, Greece, Slovakia, Czechia and Italy where a majority of people, according to NATO's own survey, want to maintain current defense spending levels.

The Trump administration's coercive tactics, as well as these factors, have propelled an urge in Europe to gradual independence from the U.S. and may drive countries to ratify the 3.5 percent target with no intention whatsoever of ever reaching the target.

Already, rifts are surfacing in the alliance about this unreasonable and counterproductive target over its potential to dampen the ambitions of the welfare states, with some questioning NATO's existence. After much inside wrangling, Spain has won the exemption; it will inspire others to emulate Madrid's path to skirt political backlash and public wrath.

Studies have also found that Europe's shift toward defense spending increases economic activity moderately in the short term but crowds out private demand and pushes the debt-to-GDP ratio higher, activating a trickle-down effect on the economy. With NATO military expenditure touching unprecedented fiscal limits, social benefits and economic growth will be chopped, adding pressure to public finances, and climate goals will face an existential threat.

In an effort to protect the U.S. military-industrial complex and prevent NATO from sleepwalking into irrelevance, the Trump administration is setting a dangerous precedent for the rest of the world. This arbitrary target would elicit a reckless arms race internationally, slow down economic recovery, impinge on societal goals and weaken climate action, leaving people in NATO countries wondering whether their governments were standing with or against them.

*My article that first appearted in CGTN

China and EU can lead global energy transition

By: Azhar Azam

Just more than a year before the adoption of the landmark Paris Climate Agreement, Chinese President Xi Jinping and former U.S. President Barack Obama made a historic announcement in Beijing on climate change, extending their commitment to a successful agreement in Paris and marking a new era of multilateral climate diplomacy.

The two leaders in 2016, on the eve of the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, formally ratified the treaty. Commemorating the momentous moment, Obama said " … where countries like China and the United States are prepared to show leadership … it is possible for us to create a world that is more secure, more prosperous and more free than the one that was left for us."

But within months of this unprecedented cooperation, U.S. President Donald Trump in his first term withdrew from the deal, seen by world leaders as an act of "denying science (and) turning your backs on multilateralism." The broad-based multilateralism is again under strain after Washington for the second time pulled out of the Paris Agreement, urging other major powers such as China and the EU to fill the void by undertaking the role of climate leadership.

As part of the EU quest of finding new climate partners, French Minister for Ecological Transition Agnes Pannier-Runacher recently visited Beijing and found "points of convergence" including "commitment to the Paris Agreement" and "multilateralism." "At a time when science is doubted … impact of climate deregulation … is contested … it is important for the European Union and China to assume their responsibilities."

With the U.S. continuing to retreat from its pledges, China could be a valuable EU partner on climate change and the acceleration of global transition to green technology. This was highlighted in Pannier-Runacher's comments, which hailed China's "dynamism" and urged all countries to learn from its "quickness" on renewable energy technologies.

China, as a leader in green technology, offers significant opportunities of cooperation for Europe on reducing carbon emissions through clean energy transition. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, 92.5 percent of global energy capacity added in 2024 came from renewable energy, at 585 gigawatts (GW). China accounted for 373.6 GW or about 64 percent of new global renewable capacity with significant contributions in solar, wind, bioenergy and hydropower.

Beijing is also the world's largest investor in clean energy. Per research provider Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), China's total investment estimated at $818 billion in green technology last year was greater than the combined investment of the U.S., EU and the UK. Of the total 16.2 million employment opportunities created in renewable energy globally in 2023, 7.4 million jobs were generated in China. It is also the "dominant equipment manufacturer" in the two most dynamic renewable energy sectors: wind and solar photovoltaics (PV).

The world's second largest economy is set to cement its position as a global clean energy leader. After surpassing its end-of-the-decade 1,200 GW target for solar PV and wind six years early, China is forecast to be the home of every other megawatt of all renewable energy capacity installed worldwide by 2030. The International Energy Agency's Executive Director Fatih Birol summed up Beijing's stunning lead in two words: "China, solar."

China's ascendancy in renewable energy may be astonishing but it isn't shocking. Several decades ago, Beijing identified clean energy industries as strategic, directed investments toward them and introduced policies that would promote the deployment of renewables and manufacture of those technologies. Initiatives such as Green Electricity Certificates are accelerating the push of de-carbonization and sustainable development domestically; China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative is hastening the adoption of clean technology internationally through development of green infrastructure.

Both Beijing and Brussels, as major global energy consumers and with their shared interests and goals toward green, low-carbon development, have a great potential to work together and fast-track their clean energy transition. With China's extensive experience in project development and technology innovation and the EU's ambitious climate goals and proximity to Africa – cooperation between the two sides can meaningfully contribute to climate goals, energy transition and green industrialization, unlocking matchless opportunities for market expansion and job creation as well as advancing Africa's own energy future.

China and the EU have a long history of cooperation on climate change. The China-EU Partnership on Climate Change, signed in 2005, was one such high-level political framework that sought to strengthen cooperation and dialogue on low-carbon technologies with a focus on the "development and deployment of clean energy technology."

Established in the China-EU Leaders' Meeting in 2020, the China-EU High-Level Environment and Climate Dialogue (HECD) builds on this partnership. Realizing interconnected challenges of climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss and desertification, both sides in the fifth HECD last year recognized the urgency of global climate action to "respect the goals of the Paris Agreement and the targets of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework," agreeing to intensify cooperation on the environment, water and circular economy and jointly contributing to a multilateral process of climate governance.

In contrast to the U.S. that has frequently deviated from its commitments, China has remained steadfast in honoring its promises with the world. Once Trump in his first term had ditched the Paris Agreement, Beijing pledged to stand by its responsibilities on climate change, and China and the EU after the 20th China-EU Summit in 2018 underlined their "strong determination" to fight climate change and demonstrate global leadership, showing commitment with multilateralism.

As Washington's actions threaten to weaken climate action and multilateralism as well as aggravate the climate crisis, green cooperation between Beijing and Brussels is essential to low-emission transition, develop new technologies and achieve sustainable development goals, a universal call to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

*My article that first appeared in "CGTN"

Who is 'real, imminent threat' in Asia-Pacific?

By: Azhar Azam

On Saturday, U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth used Shangri-La Dialogue – a high-level multilateral platform for exchanging views and promoting cooperation among defense officials on regional security – to stoke instability by imploring Asia-Pacific countries to boost defense spending, allowing Washington to make the region a U.S. "priority theater," and portraying China as a threat.

His address once again revealed a marked difference between the approaches of two major global powers, the U.S. and China, toward peace and stability. Beijing has consistently stated that cooperation benefits both sides while confrontation harms the two countries, that it will safeguard multilateralism and is committed to building a peaceful world.

On Sunday, the Chinese Foreign Ministry responded to Hegseth's speech, saying that "China urges the U.S. to fully respect the efforts of countries in the region to maintain peace and stability, stop deliberately destroying the peaceful and stable environment cherished by the region."

In recent years, the U.S. has sought to reconstruct its "hub-and-spoke" model, centered on bilateral security arrangements, to assemble an integrated and interconnected network of mini-lateral alliances such as the Quad and AUKUS to counter what it perceives as growing Chinese diplomatic and military influence. Hegseth's address and meeting with ASEAN defense ministers focused on advancing this U.S. conflict-laden agenda in the region.

Moreover, as U.S. President Donald Trump is intimidating America's neighbors with his expansionist plans and threatening to suppress ASEAN's economy with unilateral tariffs, Hegseth's claim at Shangri-La Dialogue that Washington "shares a vision of peace and stability, of prosperity and security" with the Asia-Pacific seems untenable.

The track record of the U.S.-centered alliances in destabilizing regions – rather than delivering stability and establishing deterrence – is remarkable. From foreign invasions and interventions to arms sales and fabricated groupings, America has been fueling conflicts and undermining regional peace. With Washington increasingly seen as a "protection racket" by its own allies, the country's reliability as a credible security provider is blowing to bits.

America's military alliances and actions of arming the regional countries could stoke an arms race in the Asia-Pacific with AUKUS risking nuclear proliferation, becoming a major source of insecurity and undermining peace and stability of one of the world's most economically vibrant regions.

The U.S. Department of Defense annual report 2024 also accused Chinese officials of running "information operations and disinformation campaign to mischaracterize AUKUS as a vehicle for nuclear proliferation and threat to regional stability" and attempted to trivialize the significance of the Global Security Initiative (GSI), contending it didn't "articulate" a framework or mechanism.

The foreign ministers of Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as a growing chorus of other countries in the Pacific, have openly sounded the alarm on the nuclear pact and the risk of arms race and nuclear proliferation. Since the release of the GSI, China has deepened cooperation in international peacemaking, counterterrorism, climate change, disaster prevention and combating transnational crime. It has also promoted security-related exchanges under existing frameworks such as the Group of 20, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and East Asia and Lancang-Mekong Cooperation. The support of 120 countries and international organizations demonstrates the GSI is committed to its core principles of comprehensive security, adhering to the Charter of the United Nations and pursuing conflict resolution through dialogue.

Growing uncertainty around Trump's policies is drawing a wave of reconciliation in the region as exemplified by the recent ASEAN-GCC-China Summit in Kuala Lumpur this May and the 11th China-Japan-ROK Trilateral Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Tokyo this March. Tokyo's and Seoul's endorsement to promote "future-oriented cooperation" and respond "jointly" to shared international challenges unveiled a distinct intent to increase understanding, protect livelihoods and tackle common threats.

As major international powers, China and the U.S. bear the responsibility to stabilize their economic relationship to deliver benefits to both peoples and support the wider global economy. They both also have a substantial interest in boosting military ties to strengthen global security and thwart shared threats such as terrorism, nuclear proliferation, transnational crimes, drug trafficking and climate change.

If the U.S. doesn't really believe in bullying and coercion, deems itself a Pacific power and is committed to regional peace and prosperity, then it should stop paddling false narratives about China, respect the Asian country's territorial integrity and deepen strategic engagement with Beijing to prevent the region from tipping into an endless arms race. Only then can America claim to be a guarantor of regional peace.

The shared commitment of China and the U.S. to an improved military-to-military relationship has historically resulted in an agreement to work together on settlement of conflicts that contribute to regional and global instability, counter-piracy operations, natural disasters and threats of nuclear terrorism with cooperation expanding to law enforcement, counter-narcotics, counterterrorism and combating cybercrime.

As the U.S. ditches cooperation for strategic competition with China, this shift of focus weakens efforts to build a joint response against global challenges and strengthens transnational organized crime that thrives in destabilized regions.

Should Washington alter its perception of Beijing and make military ties a stabilizing force in their bilateral relationship, China and the U.S. not only can prevent an unintended escalation but also coordinate on shared challenges and pool their resources to promote peace and common development.

*My article that first appeared in "CGTN"

Great battle of narratives in Latin America

By: Azhar Azam

In US, China’s engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has been seen as a threat to Washington’s strategic position globally with recommendations of employing military, technological and economic might to force its neighbors into severing economic ties with Beijing. Secretary of State Marco Rubio himself recently travelled to several regional states to counter China’s influence and prevent them from building critical infrastructure in cohorts with Beijing.

But with China and LAC leaders at a forum in Beijing agreeing to bolster ties and support a “fair, transparent and rules-based multilateral trade system” and Brazilian’s President Lula da Silva urging China and his country to oppose “unilateralism, protectionism and bullying,” in a densely veiled swipe at America, the gathering sent a strong message about its reluctance to rupture relations with Beijing.

In defiance of Trump’s global trade war and crackdown on migration, the bloc has been promoting an inside reconciliation to deliver a collective response. In last month’s Celac (Community of Latin America and the Caribbean States) summit in Tegucigalpa, regional leaders called on the alliance to “reinvent itself” to face up to Washington’s renewed “imperialist domination” efforts, protect against unilateral actions and develop initiatives in trade, science and technology, rejecting “racism, human rights violations and the criminalization of the Latin American brothers.”

For a region that has been immersed in a low growth trap and where connectivity is crucial for a resilient economic future, the forum provided an opportunity to LAC to showcase its concerns on America’s protectionist policies and pursue its ambition of projecting itself a dynamic geopolitical and economic player through cooperation with China.

In recent years, China-Latin America relationship has strengthened as two-thirds of regional countries have joined Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Beijing has emerged as biggest trading partners of key regional nations including Brazil, Chile and Peru. Trump’s threats of taking over Panama Canal by force handed over him an ephemeral success as Panama withdrew from China’s foreign policy drive; Colombia's joining of the Chinese mammoth infrastructure blueprint tainted the US president’s’ neo-Monroe Doctrine of considering the Western Hemisphere as America’s exclusive sphere of influence.

Testifying before Senate Armed Services Committee, Commander US Southern Command Admiral Alvin Holsey said that China was “using the BRI to set the theater and expand its access to rare earth metals and control of ports, space facilities and telecommunications infrastructure for a potential dual civilian-military purpose.”

While much of interpretation is overblown with US coercive policies such as tariffs and aid cuts facilitating Beijing to outmaneuver Washington in a strategic competition, America's own approach is driven by a craving to seize Latin America’s rare earth metals. State Department’s 100-day fact sheet itself pursues to draw regional countries away from BRI and securing minerals for the US national defense and commercial applications. This strategic chicanery surrounding US practice approach is pushing regional countries toward China.

As Trump’s stopgap policy challenges America's geopolitical and economic dominance, the forum is turning into a symbol of cooperation and launchpad of introducing initiatives and formulating action plans to advance China’s vision of building a “community with a shared future” as highlighted by Chinese President Xi Jinping’s commitment to provide a 66 billion yuan credit line to support the region's development, extension of visa-free arrangement to five countries, import more products and channel further investments.

Since the turn of the century, the China-LAC relationship has grown at a fast clip, bringing a promising economic opportunity to the region. Nearly 200 BRI megaprojects worth more than $100 billion were estimated to have been implemented over the last decade; bilateral trade in 2024 leapt 6% to more than $518 billion from barely $14 billion in 2000. By 2023, China’s investments in the region had exceeded $600 billion.

One recent example of China-LAC cooperation is the development of Chancay Port in Peru. The project – set to become a new logistical order and strategic transshipment hub and accelerate trade across the Pacific for Peruvian Blueberries, Brazilian soy and Chilean copper – would rewire hemispherical trade, intensifying the China-US rivalry. Yet the Peruvian government is seemingly willing to take the risk even though it antagonizes Washington. If there were any, Trump’s tariffs and punitive measures have encouraged Lima and others into connecting with China-built port.

Chinese projects including upgradation of the Dominican Republic’s electric grid, deep-water port on Grand Bahama and “new infrastructure” such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, smart cities, and 5G technology across the region have rattled the US about growing China’s penetration and alleged cyber threats from Beijing; these fears aren’t holding regional leaders back from pursuing their economic and social development in partnership with China.

Studies show LAC’s embracement of China as a partner has benefited the region with advances in infrastructure development and trade and investment. Acknowledging the BRI has played an important role in Latin America, they predict that Beijing has signed almost 1,000 bilateral agreements with LAC countries to facilitate and promote trade, investment and cooperation across a wide array of sectors.

China’s expanding influence is sounding alarm in the US yet it cannot just shift the blame on Beijing as Washington for decades has put the region in a pigeonhole and forgotten it. Trump’s depreciatory comments, expansionist agenda and renaming of Gulf of Mexico as Gulf of America would further complicate America’s ties with region and hasten its drive of seeking more autonomy in its foreign policy including through intensive engagement with Beijing.

While Trump administration’s belittling, threatening and domineering posture has gained some achievement; not all LAC countries will toe America’s line with most of them alongside China advocating for an inclusive economic globalization, multilateralism and multilateral trading system as well as opposing unilateralism. In this battle of narratives between China and US, latter's narrative seems to have dominated the former's.

*My article that first appeard in the "Express Tribune"

BRICS: a challenge to Western-led institutional architecture?

By: Azhar Azam

As the Western-led governance system experiences an incessant erosion of credibility over its own predatory and protectionist policies, leading to more international turbulence and slower global growth — Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, at the BRICS summit in Rio de Janeiro, offered a framework of cooperation to protect interests of the Global South and develop a joint response to the new, cascading challenges, helping contending with America's actions to erect trade barriers and grow at the expense of development in developing nations.

President Donald Trump of the US has imposed indiscriminate tariffs on almost the entire world, not seen in more than a century. These "fake" taxes reveal that the US can no longer claim to be an anchor of the international economic system or guarantor of free trade and fears competition, which could drive up innovation in the country and have benefited America and Americans for decades.

This "rent-seeking" approach could weigh on the global economy and the US economy. According to the IMF, a burst of tariffs introduced by Trump on April 2 could lower US growth to 1.8% in 2025, a 0.9% decline from the Fund's January forecast. This could prompt the IMF to call for an urgent trade policy settlement among major players.

At this watershed moment when tariff-induced uncertainty is spiking off the charts, strengthening multilateralism is one of the key means to promote development across regions since it represents a majority of the nations and encourages them to work through joint consultation and shared understanding, raising a collective voice against unlawful tariffs and sanctions.

Due to its core principles, including consensus-based decision-making, fostering development and equality and modernising and reforming global multilateral and governance institutions, BRICS has witnessed an exponential expansion over recent years. Several emerging economies, such as Indonesia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia, Iran, and potentially Saudi Arabia, are now part of the organisation.

BRICS expansion will significantly elevate bloc's influence internationally, bring inclusivity to a fragmented world and contribute to stability and development especially in the Middle East and North Africa, which is grappled with enormous security and economic challenges over Trump's threats of taking over Gaza, military action on Tehran and tariff-driven recession in oil markets.

The organisation is accused of seeking to "avowedly" challenge the Western-led economic governance institutions and establish an alternate to the existing international order, but this argument lacks the necessary rigour. BRICS instead envisages amputating systemic bias against the Global South from the current global order and strengthening it by promoting multilateralism, reforming international institutions and stepping up efforts to build a more effective, inclusive and representative multilateral system.

Wang's proposals, indeed, are consistent with the UN whose Pact of the Future aims at transforming global governance and United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres at last year BRICS summit emphasised the grouping's role in strengthening multilateralism for global development and security, warned of widening digital divide, admitted lack of Global South's representation in the Bretton Wood institutions and sought the alliance to help craft a more equitable global finance system, boost climate action, improve access to technology and work toward peace.

While the bloc's Contingent Reserve Arrangement contributes to the robustness of the global financial system and complements IMF support mechanisms, its New Development Bank seeks to leverage proven and emerging transformative technologies to deploy clean and renewable energy and build smart transport and logistics projects in partner states that decouple economic growth from environmental degradation and pollution.

BRICS expansion allows countries such as Ethiopia access to technology, bridging the digital gap; the organisation advocates resolution of disputes through diplomacy, inclusive dialogues, conflict-prevention efforts, tolerance and peaceful coexistence through an UN-centred, reinvigorated and reformed multilateral system. The bloc's increased alignment on cultural exchanges and humanitarian projects enhances its profile as a multifaceted organisation.

What the world witnesses today is a consequence of US nationalistic policies, seeking to undermine global peace and upend once-harmonious globalisation for self-centric geopolitical and economic gains. This arrogant and protectionist approach and failure of Western-dominated institutional architecture to address contemporary challenges such as the Ukraine and Middle East crises have triggered disillusionment in the Global South with the so-called liberal order.

In the form of BRICS, the Global South, particularly marginalised countries, has discovered a platform where they are treated with a spirit featuring mutual respect, openness, inclusiveness and solidarity. It is gaining traction here, where they could collectively raise their voice on global injustices and economic disparities, become part of international policymaking processes, actively participate in shaping a fair and equitable economic order, practise genuine multilateralism and bring back globalisation from the brink.

With BRICS countries representing about half of the world population, 36% of territory, 39% of world GDP (compared to G7's 28.4%) and 23% of international trade — the alliance can leverage its resources and economic and demographic heft to even out global imbalances and an overly West-leaning international order. Increasing trade and deepening economic integration while demonstrating unity, upholding multilateralism and improving global governance could offset Trump's assault on the monetary sovereignty of Global South, contribute to peace and stability and pursue shared development across the developing world.

*My article that first appeared in the Express Tribune:

China-CEEC expo is reiteration of Beijing's commitment to openness

By: Azhar Azam

The 4th China-CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) Expo & International Consumer Goods Fair is being held at Ningbo, Zhejiang between May 22 and 25. The event is expected to be one of the major platforms for CEEC to showcase their products, expand exports to one of the world's largest consumer markets and promote economic and trade cooperation with the East Asian economic powerhouse.

Since 2012, China's trade with the region increased at an annualized growth rate of 8.8 percent while its imports from CEEC have surged at an average growth rate of 7.4 percent, outpacing China's foreign trade expansion for the same period. Two-way trade reached a record high of $142.3 billion in 2024 with Chinese investments in the region topping $24 billion.

China has implemented a trial visa waiver program for ordinary passport holders from 38 countries including CEEC such as Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Estonia and Latvia. These measures ahead of the important exhibition will encourage business activities and further people-to-people exchanges between the two sides.

Leveraging the strengths of its enormous market, Beijing has been determinedly enhancing its capacity for high-level opening-up on a larger scale, in a wider range of sectors and at a deeper level by establishing institutions, focusing key areas like trade, investment, consumption and innovation, promoting domestic reforms and deepening multilateral international cooperation. The exhibition is a visible manifestation of Beijing's commitment between itself and the outside world.

Over the years, the expo has developed into one of the most important podiums to foster China-CEEC pragmatic cooperation and push Beijing's imports from the region. At last year's expo, hundreds of CEEC companies displayed around 5,000 unique products to a large Chinese market and inked orders of roughly $1.5 billion, benefitting from China's high-standard opening-up and extraordinary promptitude of sharing its development opportunities with CEEC.

In a five-day event, some 62 foreign-funded projects were signed with a total investment volume of about $18 billion at a staggering 17.7 percent increase. Among signed deals, almost a quarter involved Fortune 500 companies and industry leaders, covering areas such as high-end equipment manufacturing, biomedicine and the digital economy. Projects such as Hungary's Quantum Cement, Slovenian ski equipment, Romania's eMAG Yangtze River Delta (Ningbo) Operation Center and the European Consumer Goods Exhibition Experience Center were successfully implemented.

As Ningbo hosts the only national-level expo in China that is wholly oriented toward CEEC, countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovenia are seeing it as a means to boost cooperation with China, gain efficient access to China and the wider Asia region, using the common space of the stand for meetings with contractors and marketing cutting-edge technologies to a large Chinese customer base, drawing parallels with China's goals of smart manufacturing, emission reductions and advancing digital technologies to deepen collaboration with the world's second largest economy.

Serbia's President Aleksandar Vucic's characterization of the moment as "the joint future of our two countries" was mirrored in his recent statement in which he said that Serbian exports to China had leapt 200 times over the last 11 or 12 years. The deepening cooperation in road and railway infrastructure, energy and investment will strengthen the China-Serbia relationship and regional economic and strategic significance.

Hungary is China's key trading and strategic partner in the region. Statistics suggesting that bilateral trade has surpassed 16 billion euros and Chinese electric vehicle giants are investing in the country have positioned Budapest as an important regional economic player and battery manufacturing hub in Europe, enabling it to become a "global leader of a great technological revolution." The U.S. continues to present China as a "strategic challenge" but Budapest has clearly stated that decoupling from Beijing is its "red line.

In addition to Serbia and Hungary, a total of 12 CEEC as well as nine other countries including the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain are participating in this year's version of the China-CEEC expo. While this underscores the event's outreach to the rest of Europe, it's the attestation of Beijing's efforts to promote multilateral cooperation internationally and advance a new phase of its high-level opening-up.

A dramatic rise in the living standards of the Chinese population and growing demand for quality products in the country is encouraging CEEC to come and take advantage of Beijing's opening-up. Booming trade and investment ties, more than 50 cargo and passenger flights a week, over 2,619 China-Europe freight trains and the expo itself is a reflection of a resilient China-CEEC relationship and Beijing's commitment to openness, broadening horizons for a much-needed multi-level international cooperation to jointly deal with resurgent protectionism.

*My article that first appeared in CGTN:

Multilateralism and global governance reform: Key to shared development in BRICS and beyond

By: Azhar Azam

On the sidelines of BRICS Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, also a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, stressed on the importance of forging unity and cooperation and work with international community to improve and reform global governance to address global challenges and historical injustices to the Global South.

Seeking an alliance to safeguard multilateral trading rules, strengthen the international financial system, accelerate green transition and share digital opportunities, he denounced the U.S. for using tariffs as a "bargaining chip to demand exorbitant prices" from other countries, calling on partner states to jointly oppose all forms of protectionism.

As the Western-led governance system experiences an incessant erosion of credibility over its own predatory and protectionist policies, leading to more international turbulence and slower global growth, Wang offered a framework of cooperation to protect interests of the Global South and develop a joint response to the new, cascading challenges, helping contending with America's actions to erect trade barriers and grow at the expense of development in developing nations.

U.S. President Donald Trump has imposed indiscriminate tariffs on almost the entire world, not seen in more than a century. These "fake" taxes reveal that the U.S. can no longer claim to be an anchor of the international economic system or guarantor of free trade and fears competition, which could drive up innovation in the country and have benefited America and Americans for decades.

This "rent-seeking" approach could weigh on the global economy and the U.S. economy. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a burst of tariffs introduced by Trump on April 2 could lower U.S. growth to 1.8 percent in 2025, a 0.9 percent decline from the Fund's January forecast. This could prompt the IMF to call for an urgent trade policy settlement among major players.

At this watershed moment when tariff-induced uncertainty is spiking off the charts, strengthening multilateralism is one of the key means to promote development across regions since it represents a majority of the nations and encourages them to work through joint consultation and shared understanding, raising a collective voice against unlawful tariffs and sanctions.

Due to its core principles, including consensus-based decision-making, fostering development and equality, and modernizing and reforming global multilateral and governance institutions, BRICS has witnessed an exponential expansion over recent years. Several emerging economies, such as Indonesia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia, Iran, and potentially Saudi Arabia, are now part of the organization.

BRICS expansion will significantly elevate bloc's influence internationally, bring inclusivity to a fragmented world and contribute to stability and development especially in the Middle East and North Africa, which is grappled with enormous security and economic challenges over Trump's threats of taking over Gaza, military action on Tehran and tariff-driven recession in oil markets.

The organization is accused of seeking to "avowedly" challenge the Western-led economic governance institutions and establish an alternate to the existing international order, but this argument lacks the necessary rigor. BRICS instead envisages amputating systemic bias against the Global South from the current global order and strengthening it by promoting multilateralism, reforming international institutions and stepping up efforts to build a more effective, inclusive and representative multilateral system.

Wang's proposals, as a matter of fact, is consistent with the UN whose Pact of the Future aims at transforming global governance and United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres at last year BRICS summit emphasized the grouping's role in strengthening multilateralism for global development and security, warned of widening digital divide, admitted lack of Global South's representation in the Bretton Wood institutions and sought the alliance to help craft a more equitable global finance system, boost climate action, improve access to technology and work toward peace.

While the bloc's Contingent Reserve Arrangement contributes to the robustness of the global financial system and complements IMF support mechanisms, its New Development Bank seeks to leverage proven and emerging transformative technologies to deploy clean and renewable energy and build smart transport and logistics projects in partner states that decouple economic growth from environmental degradation and pollution.

BRICS expansion allows countries such as Ethiopia access to technology, bridging the digital gap. The organization advocates resolution of disputes through diplomacy, inclusive dialogues, conflict-prevention efforts, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence through a UN-centered, reinvigorated and reformed multilateral system. The bloc's increased alignment on cultural exchanges and humanitarian projects enhances its profile as a multifaceted organization.

What the world witnesses today is a consequence of the U.S. nationalistic policies, seeking to undermine global peace and upend once-harmonious globalization for self-centric geopolitical and economic gains. This arrogant and protectionist approach and failure of the Western-dominated institutional architecture to address contemporary challenges such as the Ukraine and Middle East crises have triggered disillusionment in the Global South with the so-called liberal order.

In the form of BRICS, the Global South, particularly marginalized countries, has discovered a platform where they are treated with a spirit featuring mutual respect, openness, inclusiveness, and solidarity. It is gaining traction here, where they could collectively raise their voice on global injustices and economic disparities, become part of international policymaking processes, actively participate in shaping a fair and equitable economic order, practice genuine multilateralism, and bring back globalization from the brink.

With BRICS countries representing about half of the world population, 36 percent of territory, 39 percent of world GDP (compared to the G7's 28.4 percent), and 23 percent of international trade, the alliance can leverage its resources and economic and demographic heft to even out global imbalances and an overly West-leaning international order. Increasing trade and deepening economic integration while demonstrating unity, upholding multilateralism, and improving global governance could offset Trump's assault on the monetary sovereignty of the Global South, contribute to peace and stability, and pursue shared development within the member states and across the developing world.

*My article that first appeared in CGTN

China and Kenya break new ground for Global South cooperation

By: Azhar Azam

At the invitation of Chinese President Xi Jinping, Kenyan President William Ruto is in China to learn from "China's remarkable journey of transformation in governance, economic development and global leadership" and also discuss bilateral relations and regional and global issues of mutual interest.

The meeting between the two presidents on Thursday resulted in an agreement to upgrade bilateral to a new level and develop an all-weather China-Africa community. They also agreed to strengthen cooperation in diverse areas, including trade, investment, industry, agriculture, green development and infrastructure connectivity, including within the framework of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The two countries will also oppose unlawful unilateral tariffs, decoupling attempts, tariff barriers and technology blockade.

U.S. President Donald Trump's virulent tariffs are threatening Kenya's attempts to navigate domestic economic headwinds. Against this backdrop, Ruto's visit is a bid to bolster economic, political and strategic relations with the second-largest economy in the world in order to cope with the new challenges.

Ruto's key objectives are to reinvigorate the comprehensive strategic partnership with China and secure investments for infrastructure, health, manufacturing, information and communication technology and green energy and agriculture to accelerate Kenya's transformation through increased trade with the Global South, BRI-built infrastructure and agriculture modernization.

The BRI has made a transformative impact on Kenya's development and people's quality of life. Projects including the Standard Gauge Railway, Lamu Port project, Mombasa oil terminal and Nairobi Expressway have improved connectivity and promoted integration not only in Kenya but also in East and Central Africa.

China is Kenya's largest trading partner. In the first quarter of 2025, bilateral trade increased 11.9 percent to more than $2.2 billion. Chinese goods such as home appliances, electrical components and construction machinery have benefited Kenyan consumers and infrastructure development; China's agriculture imports from Kenya, ranging from avocado to tea, are boosting the livelihoods of Kenyan farmers. The Kenya Tea Holding Center in Fujian, inaugurated by Rato, will further support small Kenyan farmers and reinforce the country's footprint in Asia.

Ruto also witnessed the signing of several investment deals with Chinese companies. They include agreements to establish a special economic zone, construct warehouses and factories for textile, garments and solar energy in Kenya, increase steel production, and produce smart equipment. These will inject much-needed capital, generate thousands of jobs, and support a manufacturing- and technology-driven growth in Kenya.

Ruto's visit, dubbed as a landmark diplomatic and development achievement in Kenya, saw memorandums of understandings across a wide range of sectors such as the blue economy, fisheries and maritime affairs, and the digital economy. These cooperation deals will empower coastal communities, promote research and technological exchanges, hasten digital transition and increase exports, fortifying Kenya's poverty alleviation efforts. They will also help combat climate change.

China also supports the African Union's Trans-Africa Highway Network, which will facilitate socio-economic growth, promote inter-regional integration, create regional economic hubs and generate jobs. Kenya's geostrategic profile has been significantly boosted due to the network, making it a global hub of logistics, trade, and allied services.

As Beijing and other Global South countries solidify cooperation, the Trump administration is trying to coerce African economies to strike deals with the U.S. The newly-appointed U.S. Senior Advisor to Africa Massad Boulos and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Corina Sanders recently traveled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda.

Though the trip was showcased as an attempt to bring peace and economic opportunities to the Great Lakes region, the actual motive is to secure Africa's critical minerals. Such endeavors to impose the U.S. peace plan on other countries and undermine their interests are counterproductive for the region's stability.

At a pivotal time when the U.S. is pursuing a radically protectionist "America First" policy and aid cuts – raising fears of pushing another six million Africans into extreme poverty – China and Kenya have committed to enhance the representation of developing countries. This effort to support each other's development and defend the multilateral system is a collective response to the U.S. economic extremism.

*My article that first appeared in "CGTN"

Trump's 'Obliteration Day' tariffs will only strengthen China's resolve

By: Azhar Azam

As economists and analysts challenge the prudence behind U.S. President Donald Trump's sweeping tariffs on China, the U.S. president has cranked up the heat, which will however leave ordinary Americans and his voters reeling from high inflation amid steep interest rates.

The Trump administration ramped up tariffs on Beijing to an unprecedented 145 percent when China responded with 84 percent retaliatory tariffs, forcing the world's biggest manufacturer to retaliate further with 125 percent levy on U.S. goods.

Economists and analysts warn that Beijing has built a largely trade war-proof economy over the decades and U.S. consumers will feel the pinch of Trump's salvo. China mostly exports consumer goods such as computers, gaming consoles, smartphones and toys to the U.S. and imports primarily industrial and manufacturing supplies, like aircraft, fossil fuels and soybean.

While China can absorb some of the price increases for U.S. goods before they are passed on to consumers or diversify much of its imports, Americans would struggle to find alternatives to China-made products. "If the world is settling in for a long trade war, Trump's most formidable rival has already fortified itself," an article in Bloomberg concluded.

Trump's global tariff spree has unnerved small and large businesses, and his voters. Those who voted him to revitalize the economy and get them jobs, not commit an economic suicide, are bracing for shock effects, including mass layoffs. Many are regretting their support, worrying that this "economic nuclear winter" would eat up their life savings at home, in banks or in stock markets.

One of Trump's overarching goals is to bring manufacturing back to the U.S. but he is mistaken. For instance, economists caution that footwear giant Nike, despite tariffs, won't shift production to make sneakers in America. Instead, it would redirect its sale to other countries like China.

Trump's tariff blitz has been called "worse than the worst-case scenario" and a "fundamental misunderstanding of how trade works," with critics grilling him for undermining the competitiveness of 140 million non-manufacturing workers.

The trade war has and continues to strengthen China. Notwithstanding the strenuous campaigns of successive U.S. administrations to hobble the Chinese economy, the country's export competitiveness has improved. In 2024, Beijing posted a record trade surplus of around $1 trillion from $823 billion in 2023. The astonishing growth indicates that Beijing, albeit facing some challenges, can weather a trade war.

Beijing has refused to cave in to the U.S. bullying, dubbing Trump's newest threat a "mistake on top of a mistake." Trump's extortionist-like approach has also been condemned by other world leaders, who have called his actions "deeply regrettable" and "brutal and unfounded."

Levies may affect China in the short-term but in the long run, they will help accelerate China's economic transition. For example, consumption in China is estimated to be around 60 percent of the national GDP, compared to the U.S.'s 70 percent to 80 percent. By revving up consumer spending, China may make up for the lost U.S. exports and march toward more self-reliance for growth.

Thanks to a number of government policies, consumption has been steadily climbing in China. Recent research showed that in the first quarter of 2025, indices measuring offline consumption, small commodity market operations, daily-life service and the leisure and entertainment industry all grew substantially, injecting a new vitality into the country's consumption market.

According to findings released by the U.S. National Retail Federation, a 60 percent blanket tax on Chinese goods is estimated to cost U.S. consumers between $46 billion and $78 billion in spending power. An escalation of the trade war will send them into uncharted waters.

Beijing is forecast to import record quantities of soybean in the April-June period. But with China's retaliation, U.S. farmers are slated to lose their biggest export market, a market that will not be easy to replace. As planting season nears in several U.S. regions, the tariff war has made American farmers fearful.

Economists and investors say Trump's "Liberation Day" will go down in history as "Ruination Day" and "Obliteration Day." It has put Boeing especially in a vulnerable position against rivals as China's retaliatory duties will significantly increase the cost of its aircraft. This blow will be hard, given that the American airplane manufacturer has projected a demand of 8,830 new planes in China through 2043. Boeing's loss could mean opportunities for China's home-grown large passenger aircraft C919.

Like its predecessor, Trump's second trade war would also be problematic. His "massive geostrategic mistake" presents an opportunity for China. By boosting consumption, fostering "industries of the future" such as embodied artificial intelligence, bio-manufacturing, and 6G technology, capitalizing on its lead in clean energy and electrical vehicles, and strengthening economic and trade cooperation with other countries, Beijing can blunt the impact of Trump's unparalleled aggression and sustain its pace of economic rejuvenation.

*Mr article that first appeared in CGTN:

World's future lies in multipolarization and multilateralism

By: Azhar Azam

In his keynote address at the "China in the World" event of the 61st Munich Security Conference, China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi said China's answer to the question whether multipolarity will bring chaos, conflict and confrontation as well as domination by major countries and the strong bullying the weak, is, "We should work for an equal and orderly multipolar world," abide by the UN Charter and respect international rule of law without double standard. It is important to practice multilateralism and pursue openness and mutual benefit.

As political and economic liberalism, which shaped the post-World War II era marked by U.S. hegemony, continues to crumble under the rise of national populism in many Western democracies, Wang's emphasis on pursuing cooperation and pledge that China will be a steadfast constructive force offers valuable insights on tackling common world challenges.

The developing nations in the Global South widely consider Washington as incapable of tackling global challenges and major conflicts due to the double standard it displays when it comes to applying equal norms of accountability to all. And they are justified, given that America, which contravened international law and the UN Charter repeatedly in the past, is now trying to breach Ukraine's territorial integrity – just as it did in Iraq in 2003 – to suit its own interests.

China is regarded as the "most prominent and powerful" advocate of a multipolar order. Beijing's principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other sovereign countries and respect for the diversity of civilizations have been well-received internationally. However, the West fears it is rallying the Global South's support to reform the global order in order to replace the dominance of Western developed nations with its own.

China is a strong advocate of peaceful resolution of conflicts and disputes and when facilitating talks between rival countries has also ensured that the hard-won peace is sustained. For instance, after brokering the historic rapprochement between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2023 that sparked a wave of reconciliation in the Middle East, it is now ensuring implementation of the China-Iran-Saudi Arabia Beijing Agreement.

It was a notable achievement of the Beijing-proposed Global Security Initiative, which underlines respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, promotes true multilateralism, and calls on major nations to uphold the authority of the UN and its status as the main platform for global security governance.

U.S. President Donald Trump's talk about buying Greenland from Denmark and the Panama Canal and making Canada America's 51st state is making political analysts perceive Washington as not "an anchor of stability, but rather a risk to be hedged against." His announcement of "buying and owning Gaza" and displacing Gazans has strengthened that perception. The mentality of seeing the world as U.S. property will have serious implications for global security, setting a dangerous precedent for others to annex the territories of smaller, weaker states.

The perception in the past that America upholds global stability by leading a rules-based international order changed gradually as American interventions generated "more ill will than goodwill" in many parts of the world, becoming a symbol of hypocritical posturing and double standard. Washington's weaponization of the concept against its geopolitical rivals and repeated violations of international law have bolstered this impression.

The notion of a rule-based international order is losing credibility with the U.S. seeking to construct a bloc of like-minded states with the objective of imposing its will on the rest of the world.

The prospect of a multipolar world is far from appetizing to a unilateralist power tending to fuel conflicts and tensions, shunning channels of economic and peace dialogues, and following protectionist and imperialist policies. These actions have weakened global institutions and deprived developing nations of their rights.

In a polycentric system, based on the UN Charter and international law, regional powers have the opportunity to become leading geopolitical actors. Wang's suggestion is that equal rights, equal opportunities and equal rules should become the basic principles of a multipolar world. That will democratize international relations and incorporate the Global South into international bodies, giving more economic and strategic stability to a turbulent world.

Unilateralism has failed to develop a common approach to global problems, undermining international cooperation even in areas of shared interests. Multilateralism holds the potential to maintain peace in the world, improve the quality of people's lives and resolve global challenges such as climate change and health crisis.

Multilateralism encompasses inclusivity, equality and cooperation and fostering a more prosperous, secure and sustainable world and is the world's future, as indicated in the Munich Security Report 2025.

China's commitment to a multipolar world and multilateralism isn't aimed at displacing America; it simply seeks to empower the developing nations too so that they can assume greater responsibility internationally. China's intention is to develop broad cooperation between developing and developed countries, including the U.S., and to combat real challenges such as conflicts, economic regression and climate change that threaten international stability and the very existence of mankind.

*My article that first appeared in "CGTN"